Securing the building in the event of land slide movements, part 3

tmpb0c8-1Scheme of securing the foundation area of ​​the church of St.. Anna in Warsaw
1 - electric field boundary, 2 - positive electrodes (aluminum rods), 3 —Negative electrodes (perforated pipes), 4 —Cement injection points.

Regardless of the use of electroosmosis, the slope was reinforced in selected places with steel pipes filled with concrete. These pipes passed through the upper layers of sand and clay and were at least deepened 5,0 m into a stable layer of clay. This procedure was to join the movable layers with the intact and durable substrate and thus counteract the sliding. They were run together 32 diameter pipes 14 cali i 11 pipes with a diameter 16 cali.

In addition to the above-mentioned measures, the endangered slope was supported by retaining walls, the outline of which in the plan has been closely adapted not only to the tasks related to ensuring proper stability of the slope by creating greater resistance against the possibility of horizontal shifts, but also to fulfill certain architectural functions: the walls also served as a framing for the stairs.

In some places, along the W-Z route, to cooperate with the wall’ a specially constructed horizontal slab made of concrete was also attached,, which on one side rested against a retaining wall, and on the other - the construction of the W-Z road. This plate, thickness 50 Cm, increases the resistance of the previously discussed protection structures against horizontal displacement.

The more important measures are described here, which were used to counteract the sliding of the slope earth masses. Regardless of that, a series of works had to be performed to prevent damage to the endangered object from increasing.

The building was already dangerously fractured by the time the work began to control the element of the slide. In many places the cracks had an opening of 5–8 cm. Under these conditions, the part of the church located closer to the escarpment (the apse and adjoining chapels) she lost her bond. with the basic spatial arrangement of the structure and began to rotate along with the slope sliding down.: To prevent the separated parts from collapsing, the endangered structural elements were supported with wooden scaffolding. In this way, almost the entire apse vault and the rainbow arch were secured. In addition, it was introduced in the established, steel ties in places at the headboard level, which prevented the vault from collapsing and tied the moving parts of the building with the stable parts of the structure. The endangered parts of the building were also bound with anchors and steel ties covering the po> the perimeter of the wall is cracked on two levels (above the cornices of the pillars and in the excavation of the foundation walls). These bands held down the moving parts of the church by binding them to the stationary structures of the building. The concept of securing the church at this stage provided, that after stabilization of the processes causing deformation of the scaffolding and ties, they will be removed or replaced, if necessary, with more appropriate structures during the works strengthening and consolidating the structure permanently.
The securing works also included strengthening the ground with cement injections around the apse and chapels. In this case, it was about strengthening the sands, on which the church is located.
From the above-mentioned examples of the threat to monuments as a result of the formation of removals, it should be noted, that nature, the morphology and activity of the removal sites can be very diverse. Therefore, the effects of destruction or damage to structures may vary in scope. Therefore, before proceeding to determine the method of security, comprehensive research should be carried out, on the basis of which the causes and nature of the removal movement should be discovered, hydrogeological phenomena and soil mechanical properties.
Preventive measures for sliding movements in each specific case should be adapted to the conditions and causes causing them. The process of slide movements is complex and requires individual consideration, and the preventive or strengthening measures applied should not have harmful consequences.
If water is the cause of the sliding movement, it is necessary to organize the water conditions both on the slope surface and inside the ground. In this case, it is particularly important to discharge rainwater outside the discharge area and to prevent sewage water from entering the area..

The static nature of the moving slope can be ensured by softening the slope while strengthening the surface with vegetation, hardening of the top layer of soil or by reinforcing the base with a retaining wall, fixing the disposal mass with pipes, wells, piles pressed into intact soil, lying below the slip surface and having adequate strength. In certain soils, petrification by injection can be used. This method of soil strengthening is given in specialist works dealing with the foundation of buildings.

For each method of securing, it should be remembered that it is necessary to observe the behavior of the building during the period of land consolidation after the disturbance of equilibrium until the threat is removed..